The toxicogenomics of nuclear receptor agonists
Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, Volume 7, Issue 4,August 2003, Pages 505-510 

Roger G Ulrich

Rosetta Inpharmatics LLC, Merck Research Laboratories, 12040 115th Ave. NE, Kirkland, WA 92037, USA

Toxicogenomics is the study of the structure and output of the genome as it responds to adverse xenobiotic exposure. Large-scale transcriptional analysis, made possible through microarray technologies, enables us to study and understand the complexity of the biological effects of drugs and chemicals, with the ultimate goal of separating wanted effects from adverse effects. Nuclear receptors are attractive targets for drug discovery because, as ligand-activated transcription factors, they coordinately regulate the expression of at least hundreds of genes that, in turn, control much of cellular metabolism. Through toxicogenomics, it is becoming possible to understand the therapeutic effects of agonists within the context of toxic effects, classify new chemicals as to their complete effects on biological systems, and identify environmental factors that may influence safety or efficacy of new and existing drugs.

Abbreviations: AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; APAP, acetaminophen; CAR, constitutive androstane receptor; CYP, cytochrome p-450; ER, estrogen receptor; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; HPTE, 2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane; LXR, liver X receptor; PB, phenobarbital; PCN, pregnenolone 16-carbonitrile; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor; PXR, pregnane X receptor; RXR, retinoid X receptor; TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; TCPOBOP, 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene; TR, thyroid hormone receptor